What is breast-conserving surgery?
Breast-conserving surgery is an operation in which only a small amount of healthy tissue around the area with breast cancer is surgically removed and the rest of the breast (thus, the integrity of the breast) is preserved. It is a viable method in many patients with early detection of breast cancer. To be able to apply breast-conserving surgery, the tumor; It depends on the type, size, extent of the breast and the relevance of some other factors belonging to the patient.
With oncoplastic surgery methods (even if large tissue areas are removed with different plastic surgery methods on the patient's breast, it is possible to reshape the breast and correct the other breast symmetrically) to reconstruct the breast in large masses. Although breast-conserving surgery can be performed in many early-stage breast cancers, it can also be applied in advanced-stage breast cancers that are suitable for breast-conserving surgery after preoperative chemotherapy. This surgical method creates the concern of cancer recurrence in patients. Studies have shown that there is no difference in survival time between patients who have undergone complete breast removal, i.e. mastectomy, and those who have undergone breast-conserving surgery. Another important point, patients who undergo breast-conserving surgery mostly receive radiotherapy (radiotherapy) after the surgery, which reduces the risk of cancer recurrence.
What is a mastectomy?
The surgical removal of all breast tissue is called a mastectomy. It is a treatment option for patients who are not eligible for breast-conserving surgery. It is the preferred surgical method in certain types of cancer, large tumors, patients who have previously received radiation therapy, and in the presence of other patient-specific factors.
Breast reconstructions can be done using prostheses or the person's own tissue after a mastectomy or during surgery. Risk-reducing mastectomy is performed on both breasts in patients with genetically inherited cancer or in patients whose genetic mutations are detected before the cancer develops.
Surgical methods for lymph nodes in breast cancer
Lymphatic circulation from the breast is mainly to the axillary lymph nodes. It is important in the staging and treatment of breast cancer to know if there is spread of the tumor into the axillary glands. In the past, while axillary lymph nodes were removed during surgery as the norm in every patient, these lymph nodes are mostly preserved with the treatment options developed today. Lymph node surgery can be done in the same session as part of breast cancer surgery in patients with a diagnosis and in some cases it can be done in the second session. There are two main types of lymph node surgery.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)
It is a method in which cancer cells are evaluated using special dyes or nuclear medicine methods. In patients who are not suspected of spreading to the axillary glands with preoperative examination and imaging methods, 1 to 3 lymph nodes detected by the aforementioned methods are pathologically assessed during surgery. In this way, the side effects that can be brought to the patient by extensive armpit surgery are largely avoided.
Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND)
This is an operation in which the lymph nodes in this area are largely removed in patients with spread under the armpit.
Breast reconstruction during or after mastectomy
It is possible to reconstruct the breast by simultaneous or delayed surgery. To this end, breast reconstructions can be performed using prosthetic materials and the person's own tissue.
What is a thyroid nodule?
Thyroid nodules are massive formations that occur in the thyroid gland. They can be completely solid, they can be filled with liquid or mixed. Many thyroid nodules do not cause symptoms unless they cause externally visible neck swelling. These nodules are most often detected during examinations and ultrasounds. Some of the nodules can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and difficulty swallowing pressing on the airways or esophagus. Symptoms such as palpitations, excessive sweating and hand tremors are seen in thyroid nodules with excessive hormone secretion capacity.
Diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland
Diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland;
For the patient, the presence of palpable nodules or findings related to high or low hormone levels can be detected. The structure of the thyroid gland is assessed by thyroid ultrasound. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and other thyroid diseases can be diagnosed by blood tests. The fine needle aspiration biopsy method is used in the evaluation of nodules detected in the thyroid gland. A pathological examination of the cells taken from suspicious nodules with the help of a needle is carried out and the nodules requiring surgery are decided according to the results of this examination.
Methods used in the surgical treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland
In Graves' disease, which is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, an operation in which the entire thyroid gland is removed (total thyroidectomy) is performed. If the cause of hyperthyroidism is an overactive nodule and there are no other nodules on the other side of the gland, a unilateral thyroidectomy is performed. If cancer is detected in the thyroid gland, all of the thyroid tissue and lymph nodes in that area can be surgically removed with a total thyroidectomy operation. Unilateral thyroidectomy can also be performed in certain specific conditions or certain types of cancer.
What is the parathyroid gland?
The parathyroid glands are a total of 4 glands located on the thyroid gland on both sides of the neck and are small glands that secrete parathyroid hormone, which maintains calcium balance in the body.
What are the diseases of the parathyroid gland?
Excessive growth and uncontrolled hormone secretion, in other words hyperparathyroidism, may occur in one or rarely both or all of the parathyroid glands. If it occurs in individual glands, it is called a parathyroid adenoma. If this occurs in everyone, it is called parathyroid hyperplasia. In these cases, the blood calcium level increases. High levels of calcium can cause many problems, from the formation of kidney stones to osteoporosis, hardening of the arteries and mood disorders.
Diagnosis of diseases of the parathyroid gland
The sign of hyperparathyroidism is an increase in the level of calcium in the blood. This situation can be detected in routine blood tests, as well as in examinations carried out during the investigation of diseases such as kidney stones and osteoporosis. Parathyroid adenomas can be detected by ultrasound. In the presence of hyperplasia, although enlargement of the glands cannot be demonstrated by ultrasound, the diagnosis can be made by detecting the elevation of calcium and parathyroid hormone during laboratory examinations. Special diagnostic methods such as scintigraphy are also used in the detection of abnormally localized parathyroid adenomas.
Current methods used in the surgical treatment of diseases of the parathyroid gland
In cases where enlargement and overuse of the parathyroid gland is detected, these glands are reached through a smaller incision with a method called targeted parathyroidectomy, and they are surgically removed. In case of hyperplasia (overgrowth), which is a problem in all glands, subtotal parathyroidectomy surgery is performed, similar to thyroid surgery, in which half of one gland is preserved and the others are removed .
What is the adrenal gland?
The adrenal gland ,is the right and left gland located on both kidneys and secretes many hormones that are extremely important for our body.
What are diseases of the adrenal gland ?
There are many diseases of the adrenal gland. Among these, those that require surgical treatment are diseases caused by masses accompanied by palpitations, hypertension and attacks of flushing called pheochromocytoma, Conn's syndrome, which occurs with signs such as low blood potassium levels, hypertension, weakness, and Cushing's syndrome. , which causes excessive production of steroid hormones.
Diagnosis of diseases of the adrenal gland
The majority of diseases of the adrenal gland are diagnosed by detecting the increased hormone levels in the blood of patients with the symptoms described in the laboratory and determining the location of the adrenal gland masses that are the cause at the using imaging methods such as tomography, MRI and scintigraphy.
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